Updates resume March 31st.

Quick Overview

• The Conference Board index of U.S. consumer confidence dropped from 111.2 to 107.2 in March, weaker than expected.
  

• German business confidence rose from 107.0 to 107.7 in March, stronger than expected.
  

• The U.S. military denied reports that Iran fired a missile at a U.S. ship in the Persian Gulf. The rumors sent oil prices up more than 8 percent in after-hours trading.

Bloomberg Special Report - Phantom Shares
relinked

Quick Overview

• U.S. New home sales were weaker than expected down 3.9% from January's pace. This # is dimming hopes for a rebound in the housing market and increasing worries about the health of the economy
  

Quick Overview

• U.S. Leading indicators were down 0.5% in February, six of ten indicators showing a decline.

• U.K. Retail sales were up 1.4% in February, more than expected and the biggest jump in two years after
  

• The Fed said its holdings of Treasury and agency debt kept for overseas central banks rose $10.79 billion in the week ended March 21, to $1.882 trillion.
  

• Japans land prices increased 0.1% in 2006, the first increase in 16 years. Commercial land prices increased 2.3% and land in metropolitan areas increased more.
  

• The USDA said there were 483.6 million pounds of frozen pork in storage on February 28, 2007, down 8% YoY.
  

• The USDA said there were 732 million pounds of frozen orange juice concentrate in U.S. cold storage, down 32% YoY.
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that underground supplies of natural gas were up 17 billion cubic feet last week at 1.533 trillion cubic feet.
  

Agrifood Giant Nearly Rivals Carmakers On Emissions
Producing one kilo of cut veal produces as much greenhouse gas emissions as travelling 220 kilometres (137 miles) by car. However, meat from non ruminants turns out to be more environmentally friendly. One kilo of pork is equivalent to a car journey of just 20 kilometres, while a kilogramme of chicken is worth just 10 kilometres.

Quick Overview

• The Federal Reserve kept the federal funds rate unchanged at 5.25%.
  
  

• The Mortgage Bankers Association said its index of mortgage application dropped 2.7% to 672.1.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were up 4.0 million barrels last week to 329.3 million barrels.
  Supplies of gasoline were down 3.4 million barrels
  Supplies of heating oil were down 300,000 barrels.
  YoY Gasoline demand was up 2.1%
  YoY distillate demand was up 3.0%.
  
  

Quick Overview

• U.S. New housing starts jumped 9% in February, following a slump in January, but still down 28.5% YoY.
  

• The Bank of Japan kept interest rates unchanged at 0.50%, as expected.
  

• YoY Consumer prices in the U.K. increased 2.8% in February.
  

• YoY Canada's consumer prices increased 2.0% in February.
  

Chart of the day


The Percent of ETF's (Exchange Traded Funds) on our list of 317 funds that are up in the last 20 days.

iRack

Quick Overview

• The National Association of Home Builders index of homebuilders' sentiment dropped from 39 to 36 in March.
  

• China's central bank raised it's one year lending rate 0.27% to 6.39% Sunday, the 3rd hike in 11 months.
  

• (AP)--The Yangtze River gets more than half of China's industrial waste and sewage. Europe's Danube has lost most of its surrounding wetlands. And the Rio Grande has become so shallow that salt water is seeping in, bringing ocean fish that threaten freshwater species.

Quick Overview

• YoY U.S. consumer prices rose 2.4% in February, more than expected.
  

• The U.S. Federal Reserve said that industrial output increased 1.0% in February, the biggest monthly gain in over a year.
  

• The University of Michigan's consumer sentiment index dropped from 91.3 to 88.8 in March, a six month low.
  

• Informa estimates 2007-08 U.S. planted corn acreage at 87.834 million acres, above last year's 78.3 million acres.
  
  

Quick Overview

• The producer price index rose 1.3% in February, while the core rate rose 0.4%, the Labor Department reported.
  

• The U.S. Treasury said that foreign investors bought $115.0 billion of U.S. securities in January while U.S. investors bought $17.6 billion of foreign securities.
  

• The New York Federal Reserve's index of manufacturing dropped from 24.4 to 1.9 in March.
  

• The Philadelphia Federal Reserve's regional index of manufacturing dropped from 0.6 to 0.2 in March.
  
  

• ExFederal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said on Thursday there was a risk that rising defaults in subprime mortgage markets could spill over into other economic sectors.
  

• Australia's unemployment rate increased from 4.5% to 4.6% in February.
  

• YoY Consumer prices in the Euro area were up 1.8% in February
  

• The Swiss National Bank increased its key interest rate from 2.00% to 2.25%.
  

Quick Overview

• The Mortgage Bankers Association said that its index of mortgage application increased 2.8% last week, the highest level this year.
  

• Consumer confidence in Australia increased to 115.5 in March, the highest score in over a year.
  

• YoY China's retail sales in the first two months rose a strong 14.7 %.
  

• Industrial production in the Euro area was down 0.2% in January and up 3.7% YoY.
  

• Asian soybean rust was found in a bin of soybeans that came from southeast Iowa last fall.
  

• The U.S. Energy Department (DOE) said that:
  Supplies of crude oil supplies were up 1.1 million barrels to 325.3 million barrels.
  Supplies of gasoline were down 2.5 million barrels.
  Supplies of heating oil were down 2.1 million barrels.
  Gasoline demand was up 2.8% YoY.
  Distillate demand was up 5.5% YoY.
  

• The Shanghai Futures Exchange is set to start zinc trading later this month.
  
  

• The Brazilian government may boost the amount of ethanol it blends with gasoline to 25%.

Quick Overview

• U.S. Retail sales rose 0.1% in February, the Commerce Department reported Tuesday.
  

• The International Coffee Organization increased its estimate of the 2007-2008 world coffee crop from 110.5 to 112.0 million bags. It reduced its estimate of 2007 world consumption from 118 to 117.5 million bags.
  

• YoY China's consumer prices were up 2.7% in February.
  

• Question marks continue to hang over the US mortgage market. The Securities & Exchange Commission is investigating troubled subprime mortgage lender New Century, the firm has revealed.
  
  
  

• Special Report: Phantom Shares
  Bloomberg Television premieres a half hour Special Report called "Phantom Shares" on Tuesday, March 13, 2007 at 7:00pm, 9:00pm, and 10:00pm ET.
  

Quick Overview

Japan changed its economic growth figures for the fourth quarter to an annual pace of 5.5 %, the strongest growth in three years.

U.S. Senator John Thune, R-S.D., has urged federal officials to consider a proposal for using a 20% blend of ethanol in vehicles.

The U.S. government posted at $120 billion deficit in February, slightly larger than the deficit a year ago. For the first five months of the new fiscal year, the deficit is $162.2 billion, down 25% YoY.

The Coming Entitlement Meltdown
The National Taxpayers Union reports that Medicare will consume nearly 40% of the nation's GDP after several decades because of the new drug benefit. That's not 40% of federal revenues, or 40% of federal spending, but rather 40 % of the nation's entire private sector output!

Quick Overview

• Japans machinery orders rose 3.9 percent.

• U.S. Initial jobless claims fell by 10,000 last week, following the previous week’s gain to a 14-month high, the Labor Department said Thursday.
  
  

• The European Central Bank raised its interest rate from 3.50% to 3.75%.
  The European Central Bank expects real GDP growth of 2.5% in 2007 and 2.4% in 2008.
  

• The Bank of England left its interest rate unchanged at 5.25%.
  
  

• Available power reserve margins may fall below required levels in four to six U.S. regions by 2009, Merrill Lynch analyst Elizabeth Parrella wrote in a recent research report.
  

Quick Overview

• The Federal Reserve said consumer credit increased at an annual rate of 3.2% in January to $2.41 trillion.
  

• Australia's GDP rose 1.0% QoQ, and 2.8% YoY.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were down 4.8 million barrels last week,
  Supplies of gasoline were down 3.8 million barrels
  Supplies of heating oil were down 1.5 million barrels.
  Gasoline demand was up 3.3% YoY
  Distillate demand was up 7.8% YoY
  

The yen also rises
A generally stronger yen may spread a little discomfort

Quick Overview

• U.S. Factory orders were down 5.6% in January, the biggest monthly drop in over six years.
  

• Dow-Jones Newswires reports that Brazil is considering increasing the ethanol content of their fuel from 23% to 25%.
  

• Eurostat changed its estimate of 2006 real GDP growth in the Euro zone from 2.7% to 2.6%.
  

• Britain’s retail sales were up 3.3% YoY.

Quick Overview

• The Institute of Supply Management's index of U.S. services dropped from 59.0 to 54.3 in February
  
  

• Global causes may on balance have boosted U.S. inflation, but globalization has not affected the ability of the Federal Reserve to influence U.S. financial conditions, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke said.
  
  

• Japan's unemployment rate improved from 4.1% to 4.0% in January.
  Japan’s household spending rose 0.6% in January.
  Japan's corporate spending increased 16.8% QoQ.
  

• China will boost its 2007 defense budget by 17.8 % the most in five years.
  
  
  

• At its Outlook Forum, the USDA said they expect 2007-2008 U.S. ending stocks of:
  Corn to fall from 752 to 637 million bushels.
  Soybeans to fall from 595 to 370 million bushels.
  Wheat to increase from 472 to 506 million bushels.
  Sugar to fall from 1.695 to 1.215 million tons.
  Cotton to fall from 8.30 to 5.80 million bales
  
  
  

• The International Cocoa Organization expects a world production deficit of 103,000 tons for 2006-2007.
  
  

• The U.S. produced 4.86 billion gallons of ethanol in 2006, up 24% YoY. U.S. ethanol demand totaled 5.4 billion gallons, a 33% YoY. According to the RFA, U.S. ethanol production capacity is 5.6 billion gallons with another 6 billion gallons under construction.
  
  
  

Quick Overview

• U.S. Personal incomes were up 1.0% in January, consumer spending was up 0.5%.
  

• The Institute of Supply Management's manufacturing index increased from 49.3 to 52.3 in February
  

• U.S. Construction spending was down 0.8% from December's pace and down 1.2% YoY.
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that underground supplies of natural gas were down 132 billion cubic feet to 1.996 trillion cubic feet. YoY supplies are down 13%.
  

Quick Overview

• The Bureau of Economic Analysis changed its estimates of fourth quarter GDP growth sharply downward, to 2.2% compared with a previous estimate of 3.5%.
  

• New home sales fell by 16.6%, the Commerce Department said Wednesday. The monthly decline was the biggest, since a 23.8 percent drop-off in January 1994. The median sales price of a new U.S. home rose $400 to $239,800.
  

• The Chicago PMI fell to 47.9%, its lowest level since April 2003, suggesting contraction. MoM the prices paid component rose to 63.2 from 54.9.
  
  

• The unemployment rate in the Euro area improved from 7.5% to 7.4% in January.
  

• The inflation rate in the Euro area improved from 1.9% to 1.8% in January
  

• Industrial production in Japan was down 1.5% in January.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were up 1.4 million barrels to 329.0 million barrels.
  Supplies of unleaded gasoline were down 1.9 million barrels
  Supplies of heating oil were down 1.8 million barrels.
  YoY Gasoline demand over the past four weeks was up 3.6%
  

Quick Overview

• YoY Eurozone money supply grew at an annual rate of 9.8 percent in January.
  
  

• Shanghai’s composite index fell 9%.
  

• U.S. Durable goods orders were down 7.8% in January, weaker than expected. Excluding transport, orders were down 3.1% MoM.
  

• Consumer confidence rose from 110.2 to 112.5 in February, more than expected
  

• U.S. Existing home sales were at an annual rate of 6.46 million units in January, up 3% MoM, but down 4.3% YoY. There are 3.55 million homes for sale in the U.S. -- a 6.6 month supply.
  

US mortgage crisis goes into meltdown
Panic has begun to sweep the sub-prime mortgage sector in the United States after the bankruptcy of 22 lenders over the past two months, setting off mass liquidation of housing loans packaged as securities

Blow for beer as biofuels clean out barley
One consequence, he said, could be a long-term shift upwards in the price of beer. Barley and hops account for about 7-8 per cent of brewing costs.

Quick Overview

• Greenspan told a business conference in Hong Kong the U.S. economy may be about due for a recession.
  

• Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Shiozaki suggested the end of deflation is in sight.
  

• If the politicians in Washington do nothing, 23 million Americans will get hit by the alternative minimum tax next year, up from 4 million this year.
  
  

• Concern about subprime mortgage defaults continue.

Central Banks Diversify From Dollar, Survey Shows Central banks are still investing in riskier assets as they chase greater returns on yields. Sixty-nine percent said they were looking for more yield, having been forced to widen their asset range by a low-yielding environment.
More than half of the respondents said there is scope for central banks to diversify beyond traditional assets into equities, and around a third said banks should invest in commodities.

While you slumber, your brain puts the world in order Ever wondered why sleeping on a problem works? It seems that as well as strengthening our memories, sleep also helps us to extract themes and rules from the masses of information we soak up during the day.

Quick Overview

• U.S. jobless claims were down 27,000 to 332,000
  

• YoY German GDP was up 3.5% in the fourth quarter.
  

• The U.S. Energy Department (DOE) said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were up 3.7 million barrels to 327.6 million barrels.
  Supplies of gasoline were down 3.1 million barrels
  Supplies of natural gas were down 223 billion cubic feet to 1.865 trillion cubic feet.
  Supplies of heating oil were down 4.1 million barrels.
  U.S. gasoline demand was up 3.8% from YoY
  U.S. distillate demand was up 9.8% YoY.
  

• The USDA said there were 46.4 million pounds of frozen bellies in storage, down 15% YoY. Frozen pork inventories totaled 486 million pounds, down 8% YoY.
  

• The USDA said that, there were 729 million pounds of frozen orange juice in cold storage, down 32% YoY.

Corn Surges to 10-Year High as Rains May Limit U.S. Planting
Corn rose to a 10-year high in Chicago, extending this year's 12 percent rally, as wet weather in the Midwest threatened to prevent U.S. farmers from planting enough grain to meet surging demand for ethanol.

Quick Overview

• U.S. Consumer prices were up 0.2% in January and up 2.1% YoY. Excluding food and energy, prices were up 0.3% in January and up 2.7% YoY.
  

• U.S. index of leading indicators were up 0.1% in January, less than expected,
  

• The Bank of Japan raised rates from 0.25% to 0.50% by a vote of 8 to 1.
  
  

Quick Overview

• Canada's CPI was up 0.1% in January and up 1.2% YoY,
  

• Canada's index of composite leading indicators was up 0.5% in January.
  

• Producer prices in Germany were up 3.2% YoY.
  

• The Florida Department of Citrus said there were 65.1 million gallons of frozen orange juice in storage on Feb. 10th, down 30% YoY.
  

• The USDA said that 2006 U.S. pork exports totaled 2.997 billion pounds, up 12% YoY.
  

• The USDA said that 2006 U.S. beef exports were up 65% YoY -- 46% below the 2003 record.
  

Anti-MRSA silver pyjamas trialled
Pyjamas and bed linen made with silver cloth are being trialled in a hospital to help combat the MRSA superbug.

Feeding your brain: new benefits found in chocolate
Funded by candy maker Mars Inc., which provided a specially formulated liquid cocoa concoction for the research, the studies suggest that flavanols increase blood flow to the brain and may hold promise for treating some vascular impairments.

Children's TV 'is linked to cancer, autism, dementia'
"It is the number of hours and the age at which they start which produces the biological effects. It is because of the medium, not the message, that these effects are occurring." - DR ARIC SIGMAN

Quick Overview

• The U.S. producer price index was down 0.6% in January. Excluding food and energy costs, prices were up 0.2% in January.
  

• U.S. housing starts were down 14% from December's pace and the weakest in ten years.
  

• The University of Michigan's consumer sentiment index dropped from 96.9 to 93.3 in February, more than expected.
  

• World Weather Inc., a private weather firm, released a new outlook that indicated dry conditions may begin in the U.S. around July due to a shift from El Nino into La Nina conditions.
  

Quick Overview

• U.S. Industrial production fell 0.5% in December, the most in over a year.
  
  

• The price of goods imported to the United States fell 1.2% in January, the most in three months.
  
  

• First-time U.S. jobless jumped last week by 44,000, the biggest increase since September 2005, the Labor Department said Thursday
  

• International investors slowed their purchases of U.S. stocks and bonds in December. They purchased $63.0 billion U.S. securities while U.S. investors bought $47.4 billion of foreign securities. This is the lowest net funds inflow in five years.
  
  

• Retail sales in the U.K. were down 1.8% in January.
  
  

• The International Coffee Organization estimates 2007-2008 world coffee production unchanged at 110.5 million bags They estimate Consumption at 118 million bags, up from 116 million bags last year.
  
  

• The DoE said that underground supplies of natural gas were down 259 billion cubic feet to 2.088 trillion cubic feet. YoY supplies are down 8%.
  

• The World Gold Council estimates 2006 world gold mine production at 2,467 tons down 2% . They estimate 2006 demand at 3,362 million tons, down 10%.

Quick Overview

• Bernanke told the Senate the economy should grow modestly this year and he expects inflation will continue to ease.
  

• Gross domestic product in Japan expanded 4.8 % YoY, more than expected.

• MoM U.S. retail sales were unchanged in January -- up 2.3% YoY.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were down 600,000 barrels at 323.9 million barrels.
  Supplies of gasoline were down 2.0 million barrels
  Supplies of heating oil were down 2.7 million barrels.
  Gasoline demand was up 3.6% YoY
  Distillates demand was up 7.0% YoY.
  

• The Chicago Mercantile Exchange is launching contracts that will allow insurers and others to hedge risk against hurricane damage.

Quick Overview

• The U.S. trade deficit widened to a record fifth straight year in 2006. The Department of Commerce announced today that December exports of $125.5 billion and imports of $186.7 billion resulted in a goods and services deficit of $61.2 billion, $3.1 billion more than the $58.1 billion in November.
  

• Japan's producer prices rose 2.2 percent YoY, less than predicted.
  

• The International Energy Agency forecasts oil demand up by 3.2 % this year mainly due to higher Chinese consumption.
  
  

• QoQ GDP in the Euro Area was up 0.9%. YoY GDP was up 2.7%.
  

• MoM Consumer prices in the U.K. were down 0.8% in January.
  

• Italy's GDP was up 2% in 2006.
  

Quick Overview

• The U.S. government posted a $38.24 billion budget surplus in January, up 82.4 % YoY.
  

• Australia reduced its inflation estimate for 2007 from 3.0% to 2.75%.
  

• Producer prices in the U.K. were up 0.3% in January, more than expected.
  

• Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister said that further production cuts by OPEC may not be necessary after the recent rise in prices.
  

• F.O.Licht estimates 2006-2007 world sugar production at a record 160.6 million tons, up 13 million YoY.
  
  

• The Florida Department of Citrus said there were 64.1 million gallons of frozen orange juice concentrate in inventory on February 4th, down 30% YoY.
  

• The number of U.S. homes entering foreclosure rose to 130,511 in January, up 25% YoY.

A General Theory of Stupidity
by Bill Bonner

Newton’s "Inverse Square Law" holds that gravity – and many other things – decreases by the square of the distance from the source. In a flash, we realized that this applied to useful investment intelligence too. The further you get from the facts, the less you know what is really going on.

Quick Overview

• MoM Canada's unemployment rate rose from 6.1% to 6.2% in January.
  

• The U.K.’s trade deficit for 2006 totaled 55.8 billion pounds -- the highest on record.
  

• Japan's machine orders in December were down 0.7 %, from a 3.8 % gain in November --not helping the Yen.
  
  

• Cocoa stocks at Nybot approved warehouses fell 22,761 bags
  to total 4.559 million bags.
  
  

• The USDA's U.S. 2006-2007 ending stock estimate for:
  Corn was unchanged at 752 million bushels.
  Soybeans were increased from 575 to 595 million bushels.
  Wheat was unchanged at 472 million bushels.
  Sugar was lowered from 1.801 to 1.695 million tons.
  Cotton was increased from 7.10 to 8.30 million bales. (stocks to use ratio 43%, the most in 18 years)
  

• The USDA's world 2006-2007 ending stock estimate for:
  Corn was raised from 86 to 88 million tons.
  Soybeans were increased from 56 to 57 million tons
  Wheat was lowered from 122 to 121 million tons.
  Cotton was raised from 52 to 53 million tons.
  

• The USDA's estimate of 2007 beef production was reduced from 26.70 to 26.64 billion lbs.
  The USDA's estimate of 2007 pork production remained at 21.65 billion pounds.
  

• The USDA ‘s estimate of the 2006-2007 Florida orange crop remained at 140 million boxes, projected yield was raised from 1.58 to 1.61 gallons a box, 42.0 degrees Brix.
  
  

• Mato Grosso’s soybean farmers reporting soybean rust so far this year has increased to 1,020, from 613 last year. This after 40 inches of rainfall over the last thirty days.

Robert Fisk: Iraqi insurgents offer peace in return for US concessions
Al-Jeelani suggests the United Nations, the Arab League or the Islamic Conference might lead such negotiations and would have to guarantee the security of the participants.

Then come the conditions:

* The release of 5,000 detainees held in Iraqi prisons as "proof of goodwill".

* Recognition "of the legitimacy of the resistance and the legitimacy of its role in representing the will of the Iraqi people".

* An internationally guaranteed timetable for all agreements.

* The negotiations to take place in public.

* The resistance "must be represented by a committee comprising the representatives of all the jihadist brigades".

* The US to be represented by its ambassador in Iraq and the most senior commander.

Quick Overview

• The U.S. Commerce Department said that wholesale sales were up 1.8% in December. Wholesale inventories were down 0.5%.
  
  

• (Financial Times) The new Democratic leadership of the US Congress is pressuring the Bush administration to coerce Tokyo into acting to strengthen the yen.
  
  

• Australia's unemployment rate improved from 4.6% to 4.5% in December, the lowest in over 30 years.
  

• New Zealand's unemployment rate improved from 3.8% to 3.7%.
  

• The European Central Bank left its interest rate unchanged at 3.5%, as expected.
  

• The Bank of England left its interest rate unchanged at 5.25%, as expected.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that underground supplies of natural gas were down 224 billion cubic feet last week to 2.347 trillion cubic feet.
  

Quick Overview

• U.S. Nonfarm business productivity had an annual gain of 3.0% in the fourth quarter, more than expected.
  

• The U.S. savings rate has fallen to a 74-year low.

• Australia’s consumer prices were down 0.1%.
  

• India expects the economy to grow 9.2%.
  

• Reuters - The U.S. Federal Reserve sent record payouts of more than $4 billion in cash to Baghdad on giant pallets aboard military planes shortly before the United States gave control back to Iraqis, lawmakers said on Tuesday.
  
  

• Reuters - President George W. Bush said on Tuesday he had approved plans to create a U.S. military command for Africa, a move that reflects increased U.S. strategic interest in the continent.
  
  
  

• The Chicago Board of Trade (BOT) reports that total volume during January 2007 of 65,968,217 contracts was up 20% from January 2006.
  
  
  

• A leading Asian soybean rust researcher says this year's winter weather likely hasn't knocked out the fungal disease from locations where it’s overwintering in the Southern U.S.
  

• Brazil's Vegetable Oils Industry Association changed their crop forecast to 57.1 million tonnes from 55.8 million tonnes projected in January. This compares with the USDA forecast of 56 million tonnes.
  
  

• Goldman Sachs has agreed to sell its GSCI commodity index to Standard & Poor's.
  
  

• The U.S. Department of Energy said that:
  Supplies of crude oil were down 400,000 barrels at 324.5 million barrels.
  Supplies of gasoline were up 2.6 million barrels
  Supplies of heating oil supplies were down 1.9 million barrels.
  YoY gasoline demand over the past four weeks was up 3.9%
  YoY distillate demand was up 3.6%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Legacy of Radiation Illness Stirs Objection to Nevada Bomb Test
The federal government reassured the townspeople they were in no danger as it detonated 952 bombs in Nevada over four decades. But thousands of people who lived downwind of the test site got radiation-related cancer, and the town of 50,000 has its own cancer-treatment center today.

Soybeans Prices Rise on Concern U.S. Acreage to Shift to Corn
(Bloomberg) -- Soybean prices rose to an 19-month high, extending a rally that began in September, on speculation that a smaller U.S. crop will crimp supplies as global demand grows for fuels made from vegetable oils.

Updates resume February 7.